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Indonesian names and naming customs reflect the multicultural and Multilingualism nature of the over 17,000 islands in the Indonesian archipelago. The world's fourth most populous country, Indonesia is home to numerous ethnic groups, each with their own culture, tradition, and language.
The naming customs by no means are consistent, and may differ by ethnic group. For example, most western Indonesians do not have surnames (exceptions: Batak people, Nias people, Mentawai people, Enggano people, and some Dayak people), while eastern Indonesians do generally have it (exceptions: Balinese people, West Nusa Tenggara people, and some ethnic groups in Sulawesi).
A very formal way to address an older person or a person of higher status is Tuan or Nyonya, which mean "mister" or "madam".
An informal way to address a significantly older person is to use Om, Paman, Bibi, or Tante, which mean "uncle" and "aunt". The terms are Dutch-influenced and quite commonly used in the big cities.
Local honorifics continue to be employed throughout Indonesia. In a casual situation, Kakak or Kak is used to address a person as an "older sibling".
In Javanese, Mbak is used for "older sister" and Mas is used for "older brother". Mbak and Mas are also used, for example, to address junior staff in cafes and restaurants in Jakarta.
In Sundanese, Teteh or Teh is used for "older sister" and Akang, Kang, or Aa is used for "older brother". Mamang, Amang, or Mang is used for "uncle" and Ceuceu or Ceu is used for "aunt".
In Balinese, Mbok is used for "older sister" and Bli is used for "older brother". Geg is used for "younger sister" and Gus is used for "younger brother".
In Batak languages, Ito is used by a woman to a man or vice versa to call "older sibling", Eda is used by a woman to call "older sister", and Lae is used by man to call "older brother".
In Minangkabau, Uni is used for "older sister" and Uda is used for "older brother".
In Manado, Ambon, and Kupang language, Nona is used for "younger sister" and Nyong is used for "younger brother". Noni is also used for "younger sister" in Manado.
In Papuan language, Tete is used for elderly men and Nene is used for elderly women. Bapa is used for older men and Mama is used for older women. Pace is used for familiar older men and Mace is used for familiar older women. Kaka is used for "older sibling". Ade is used for "younger sibling". Nona is used for familiar women of your age or young women.
In Malay language cultural spheres, an "older sister" is addressed as Kakak or Kak and an "older brother" is addressed as Abang or Bang. However, Abang is also commonly used in other areas to address a becak driver, angkot driver, butcher, vegetable vendor, fishmonger, or hawker.
Gus (from bagus) is used exclusively to address an honorable Eastern Javanese person with a strong traditional and religious identity. For example, the Indonesian former president, Abdurrahman Wahid, was often addressed as Gus Dur; Dur being the short form of his first name, Abdurrahman. Single names are some of the most common around Indonesia .
The majority of Indonesians do not have . Rather, their given names are geographically and culturally specific. Names beginning with "Su" in Indonesian spelling ("Soe" in the old orthography) or ending with an "o" are usually Javanese people. For example, people called "Suprapto" or "Soeprapto, Joko" are likely to be of Javanese descent. Suharto is another example.
Malays of northeast Sumatra such as in Medan have a unique naming convention based on the order of their birth:
"Sitompul" and "Rajagukguk" are clan names usually found in people with Batak or North Sumatera heritage.
In general, Indonesian names fall into one of the following categories:
Before the regulation was introduced, there had been people with unusual names like 6 people with names with only a single character, including "." and "N", while on the other side, there were also people with extremely long names like "Rangga Madhipa Sutra Jiwa Cordosega Akre Askhala Mughal Ilkhanat Akbar Suhara Pi-Thariq Ziyad Syaifudin Quthuz Khoshala Sura Talenta", which contains up to 132 characters including spaces.
Naming also differs regionally. Some Javanese, especially those of the old generation have only one name. Bataks have clan names which are used as their surnames. Some Chinese Indonesians have Chinese-style names. In Indonesian telephone directories, names are listed under the first or given name and not under the last or family name.
On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan child of Suparman and Wulandari". The birth certificate of an extramarital child would bear only the mother's name. On a school diploma, the child's name would be written as "Hasan, child of Suparman". On all other official documents (ID card, driver's license, and passport), only the child's name would appear, "Hasan".
On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prasetyo child of Suparman Prakoso and Wulandari Setiadewi". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prasetyo".
Example:
On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prakoso child of Suparman Prakoso and Wulandari Suprapto". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prakoso".
Example:
On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Suparmanputra child of Suparman and Wulandari". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Suparmanputra". This would be somewhat analogous to the practice in Icelandic name, where patronymics are used.
Occasionally, the father's name will be used as the surname, without appending putra or putri (in this example it would be Hasan Suparman). This might be done unofficially, that is, not matching the birth certificate. Nevertheless, this format sometimes appears on government documents.
In the Netherlands, for example, a person without an official family name would be given the surname Onbekend (which means "unknown"). Individuals with multiple-word names will often be given this surname, particularly if the last name on the birth certificate differs from the father's family name. Individuals with a distinct family name may also be given this surname if it is recorded differently on the birth certificate.
Referring to the examples above, a Netherlands identification card would record the individual's name as:
In Germany, the one-word name is used as both given name and surname. This is often displayed on official documents as "Hasan Hasan" or "H. Hasan".
In the U.S., there are at least four ways to record people with a single-word name. One way is to use the existing single word name as the surname. Then, an official body will add "FNU" (first name unknown) as the first or given name. This can lead to a false belief that "Fnu" is a common Indonesian first name.
Conversely, the existing single word name can be used as the given or first name and then "LNU" (last name unknown) may be added as the family, surname or last name. This can lead to the misconception that "Lnu" is a common Indonesian surname. In some cases "Fnu" will be used as the surname or last name.
Third, the existing single word name may be duplicated to give a first name and surname such as "Hasan Hasan".
Fourth, the practice of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office is to record the single-word name as a first or given name, and to enter a period for the surname.
Some Javanese, especially those from older generations, have a mononymic name and no family name; for example, Sukarno, Suharto, and Boediono. Some names are derived from native Javanese language, while some others are derived from Sanskrit and Arabic. Names with the prefix Su-, which means good, are very popular.
For example, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, former Indonesian president, has a Sanskrit-derived name. "Susilo" comes from sushila meaning "good character" and "Yudhoyono" comes from yudha meaning war or battle and yana meaning an epic story. Sukarno is derived from the Sanskrit su (good) and karno or Karna (a warrior) in Mahabharata.
Several common Indonesian names derived from Sanskrit are deities or heroes names, including Indra, Krishna, Vishnu, Surya, Vayu, Dewa, Rama, Lakshmana, Sudarto (Javanese for Gautama Buddha), Devi, Prithvi, Dewi Sri, Rati, Sita, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. Some famous people who uses these names include: Giring Ganesha, Isyana Sarasvati, Indra Lesmana, Dewa Budjana, Dewi Sandra, Laksamana Sukardi, etc..
Other Sanskrit derived names used widely in Indonesia also include such as: Wibisana or Wibisono (from the Ramayana figure Vibhishana), Arya, Subrata, Aditya, Abimanyu, Bhima, Sena, Satya, Cakra (read Chakra), Putri, Putra, Mahardhika, Gatot or Gatut (from the Mahabharata figure Ghatotkacha), Perdana (from the word "Pradhan"), Prameswara or Prameswari, Wijaya (from Vijay), and many more.
Many Indonesians use Sanskrit-derived names to indicate their position among siblings (birth order). The first-born child might bear the name Eka or Eko (mostly Javanese), the second-born child might be named Dwi, the third-born Tri, the fourth-born Catur, and the fifth-born Panca or Ponco (usually Javanese). Some examples are Eko Yuli Irawan, Rizky Dwi Ramadhana, Triyaningsih, and Catur Pamungkas.
Indonesian government names of institutions, mottoes, and other terms also use Sanskrit, such as to address an Indonesian Navy admiral, the word "Laksamana" (from the Ramayan figure Lakshmana) is used. The "Adipura award" (Indonesian: Penghargaan Adipura) which is an award given to cities throughout Indonesia from the central government for cleanliness and urban environmental management also uses from Sanskrit language which is Adi and Pura. There are also many mottoes of Indonesian institutions which use Sanskrit language, such as the motto of the Indonesian Military Academy which sounds " Adhitakarya Mahatvavirya Nagarabhakti".
Some of these Sanskrit-derived names might be used by ningrat or menak (noble) families, especially among Javanese and Sundanese, in much the same way as some family names in western culture indicate lineage and nobility. Some such names are Jayadiningrat, Adiningrat, Notonegoro, Suryasumantri, Dharmokusumo, Wongsoatmodjo, Natalegawa, Kusumaatmadja, Kartadibrata, Kartapranata, and Kartasasmita.
Many of the later generations have kept the Indonesian form of the name. Other Chinese Indonesians, however, maintain their Chinese name as well as their family names. As is customary with Chinese names, the family name (or surname) is traditionally placed in front of the given (or first) name.
Ethnic groups with strong Islamic influence, such as the Acehnese people, Ethnic Malay, Minangkabau, Betawi people and Bugis, tend to use Arabic names. For example, Indonesian politicians Teuku Muhammad Hasan (from Aceh) and Mohammad Hatta (from Minangkabau) have Arabic names. However, some of these ethnic groups with strong Islamic influences, such as the Betawi people, have Arabic names which have been suitable with the local pronunciation, such as Leman (Sulaiman), Rojak (Razak), etc.
Arab Indonesian settled in Indonesia many generations ago, and their descendants still use their family names, for example, Assegaf, Alhabsyi, or Shihab.
There are many Javanese-style such as "Kanapi" (from Hanafi), "Marpuah" (from Marfu'ah), "Ngabdurohman" (from Abdurrahman), "Sarip" (from Sharif), "Slamet" (from Salamah), "Solikin" (from Salihin), etc.
The name "Maysaroh" is a common female name amongst the Betawi people. However, this name is actually a male name in Arab countries. It is probably mistaken with the name Saroh, which is in turn derived from Sarah.
There are also people in Indonesia who were named after classical scholars of Islam, such as "Ghozali" (from Al-Ghazali), "Romli" (from Shihab al-Din al-Ramli) or "Syafi'i" (from Al-Shafi'i).
Indonesian Christians (Protestants and Catholics) may use Christian first names and/or baptismal names, derived more or less directly from Latin, such as Yohanes, Andreas, Matius, Markus, Lukas, Paulus, Maria, Stefanus, Yakobus, Filipus, and many more Biblical names. These names have been Indonesianized to conform with the Indonesian pronunciations (or as they appear in the Indonesian Bible translations). But more recently, many parents also use Anglicised names such as Peter, Andrew, James, John, Paul, Eva, Stephanie, Mary, etc.. Many non-Christian Indonesians may also use Western names such as Jon, Sam, Paul, Brian, Toni, Tomi, Anne, or Yulia. Many female names are also suffixed with either -ina and -ita, both are diminutive suffixes in Spanish.
Combinations of names from different origins such as "Ricky Hidayat" (Western-Arabic) are to be found as well.
Located in Western Sumatra, the Minangkabau are the largest matrilineal culture in the world and the fourth largest ethnic group in Indonesia. Tribe, clan (or suku) titles, properties and names are all handed down through the female line.
It is noteworthy that names based on religious connotations sometimes doesn't necessarily means that the person (or their parents) adherents of said religion, such as Christians/Muslims with Hindu names (e.g. Wisnu, a common male name, Giring Ganesha, etc.), Muslims/Hindu/Buddhist with Christian sounding names (e.g. Kristiani Herrawati), or Buddhist/Hindu/Christian with Muslim/Arabic names (e.g. Sulaiman, Hassan, and other common Arabic names), as many Javanese (and Indonesians to a larger degree) took inspirations from various cultural sources. Some names even mix elements from different religious sources, such as "Wisnu Kristianto" (Wisnu from Vishnu, and Kristianto from Christian), "Muhammad Wisnu", etc. which makes them truly unique from anthropological's point of view. This naming system is especially prevalent from people living in metropolitan areas, or people with Javanese people background, as Javanese names tend to be more liberal, while less prevalent in other cultures and regions where the majority of the people are still using traditional names and naming system, or where religion still play a very large emphasis on the daily lives.
In Sundanese people it is common for the nickname to become integrated as the first name. For example, someone with the name "Komariah", "Gunawan", or "Suryana" written in their birth certificate may become known as "Kokom" for Komariah, "Gugun", or "Wawan" for Gunawan, and "Yaya" or "Nana" for Suryana. The result is rhyming names such as "Kokom Komariah", "Wawan Gunawan", and "Nana Suryana". Notable people having such names include politician Agum Gumelar, comedian Entis Sutisna (with stage name Sule), and politician Dedi Mulyadi.
Indonesian people might also take a Western style nickname such as Kevin, Kenny, Tommy (Tomi), Jimmy, Ricky, Dicky, Bob, Nicky, Nico, Susy, Taty, Lucy (Lusi), Nancy, Mary (Maria) and so on. It does not necessarily mean their names are Thomas (for Tommy) or James (for Jimmy). For instance, Suharto's son, Hutomo Mandalaputra is popularly known as "Tommy Suharto". The "Tommy" here was not derived from "Thomas", but from the Javanese name, "Hutomo".
Acehnese people have titles such as Teuku or Teungku (male) and Cut (female). Celebrities with such titles include, for example, Teuku Wisnu and Cut Tari.
Balinese people have titles based on castes such as Ida Bagus for male and Ida Ayu for female ( Brahmana caste), I Dewa, I Dewa Ayu, I Gusti, I Gusti Ayu, Ida I Dewa Agung, Cokorda/ Tjokorda, and Anak Agung ( Ksatriya caste), and Ngakan, Kompyang, and Sang ( Waisya caste).
Banjar people have titles such as Andin, Antung, and Anang (male) and Gusti and Galuh (female).
Bantenese people have titles such as Tubagus (male) and Ratu (female). People with such titles include, for example, Tubagus Hasanuddin and Ratu Atut Chosiyah.
Belitung people have titles such as Ki Agus (male) and Nyi Ayu (female).
Bugis and Makassar people have 13 titles such as Andi, Petta, Datu, Bau, Daeng, Karaeng, Kare, Puang, Arung, Iye, La/I, Opu, and Sombaya. People with such titles include, for example, Andi Mappanyukki and Karaeng Matoaya.
Butonese people have titles such as La (male) and Wa (female). People with such titles include, for example, La Nyalla Mattalitti and Wa Ode Nurhayati.
Javanese people have titles such as Raden Mas, Raden, and Mas (male), Raden Ayu, Raden Nganten, and Mas Ayu (married female), and Raden Ajeng, Raden Rara, and Mas Ajeng (unmarried female).
Malay people have titles such as Tengku (male and female) and Datuk (male).
Minangkabau people have titles such as Datuak, Sutan, and Marah for male. People with such titles include, for example Sutan Sjahrir and Marah Roesli.
Palembang people have titles such as Raden Mas, Masagus, Kemas, and Kiagus (male) and Raden Ayu, Masayu, Nyimas, and Nyayu (female).
Sasak people have titles such as Lalu (male) and Baiq (female). People with such titles include, for example, Lalu Muhammad Zohri and Baiq Lukita Kirana Putri.
Sumba people have titles such as Umbu (male) and Rambu (female).
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